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verification

 
Dictionary: ver·i·fi·ca·tion   (vĕr'ə-fĭ-kā'shən) pronunciation
n.
  1. The act of verifying or the state of being verified.
    1. A confirmation of truth or authority.
    2. The evidence for such a confirmation.
    3. A formal assertion of validity.
  2. Law. An affidavit that attests to the truth of a pleading.
verificative ver'i·fi·ca'tive adj.

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(1) To prove the correctness of data.

(2) In data entry operations, to compare the keystrokes of a second operator with the data entered by the first operator to ensure that the data were typed in accurately. See validate.

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Banking Dictionary: Verification
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Banking:

1. Employer's confirmation of a borrower's annual income, requested by a lender when screening a Credit Application.

2. Auditing procedure whereby the accuracy of bank records is checked by direct contact with customers. Verification, also called Confirmation can be positive or negative. In negative verification, a bank customer is asked only to notify the bank of bookkeeping errors; in positive verification, the customer is asked to verify an account balance as of a specific date.

3. Validation of a Personal Identification Number when a bank card is used at an automated teller machine or point-of-sale terminal.

Accounting: auditor's review of financial statements by comparing journal entries to actual documents, such as cancelled checks, copies of loan documentation, and so on.

Real Estate Dictionary: Verification
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Sworn statements before a duly qualified officer that the contents of an Instrument are correct.
Example: A tenant takes a landlord to court to recover a Security deposit. The tenant files a claim describing the Conditions under which the Deposit is to be refunded and the manner in which the tenant complied with the conditions. The tenant then supplies verification of this description by a sworn statement.

US Military Dictionary: verification
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n. 1. the process of establishing the truth, accuracy, or validity of something: the verification of official documents.

2. the process of ensuring that procedures laid down in weapons limitation agreements are followed.

See the Introduction, Abbreviations and Pronunciation for further details.

Law Dictionary: Verification
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Confirmation of correctness, truth, or authenticity of pleading or other paper affidavit, oath, or deposition, 12 F. 2d 81, 83; an affidavit attached to a statement affirming the truth of that statement. See 105 P. 2d 59, 63.

Military Dictionary: verification
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(DOD) 1. In arms control, any action, including inspection, detection, and identification, taken to ascertain compliance with agreed measures. 2. In computer modeling and simulation, the process of determining that a model or simulation implementation accurately represents the developer's conceptual description and specifications. See also configuration management; independent review; validation.

Wikipedia: Formal verification
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In the context of hardware and software systems, formal verification is the act of proving or disproving the correctness of intended algorithms underlying a system with respect to a certain formal specification or property, using formal methods of mathematics[citation needed].

Contents

Usage

Formal verification can be used for example for systems such as cryptographic protocols, combinational circuits, digital circuits with internal memory, and software expressed as source code.[citation needed]

The verification of these systems is done by providing a formal proof on an abstract mathematical model of the system, the correspondence between the mathematical model and the nature of the system being otherwise known by construction. Examples of mathematical objects often used to model systems are: finite state machines, labelled transition systems, Petri nets, timed automata, hybrid automata, process algebra, formal semantics of programming languages such as operational semantics, denotational semantics, axiomatic semantics and Hoare logic.[citation needed]

Approaches to formal verification

There are roughly two approaches to formal verification.[citation needed]

The first approach is model checking, which consists of a systematically exhaustive exploration of the mathematical model (this is possible for finite models, but also for some infinite models where infinite sets of states can be effectively represented). Usually this consists of exploring all states and transitions in the model, by using smart and domain-specific abstraction techniques to consider whole groups of states in a single operation and reduce computing time. Implementation techniques include state space enumeration, symbolic state space enumeration, abstract interpretation, symbolic simulation, abstraction refinement. The properties to be verified are often described in temporal logics, such as linear temporal logic (LTL) or computational tree logic (CTL).

The second approach is logical inference. It consists of using a formal version of mathematical reasoning about the system, usually using theorem proving software such as a HOL theorem prover, the ACL2, Isabelle, or Coq theorem provers. This is usually only partially automated and is driven by the user's understanding of the system to validate.

Validation and Verification

Verification is one aspect of testing a product's fitness for purpose. Validation is the complementary aspect. Often one refers to the overall checking process as V & V.

  • Validation: "Are we trying to make the right thing?", i.e., is the product specified to the user's actual needs?
  • Verification: "Have we made what we were trying to make?", i.e., does the product conform to the specifications?

The verification process consists of static/structural and dynamic/behavioral aspects. E.g., for a software product one can inspect the source code (static) and run against specific test cases (dynamic). Validation usually can be done only dynamically, i.e., the product is tested by putting it through typical and atypical usages ("Does it satisfactorily meet all use cases?"). See also Verification and Validation

Industry usage

The growth in complexity of designs increases the importance of formal verification techniques in the hardware industry.[1][2] At present, formal verification is used by most or all leading hardware companies, but its use in the software industry is still languishing. This could be attributed to the greater need in the hardware industry, where errors have greater commercial significance. Because of the potential subtle interactions between components, it is increasingly difficult to exercise a realistic set of possibilities by simulation. Important aspects of hardware design are amenable to automated proof methods, making formal verification easier to introduce and more productive.[3]

As of 2009, only two operating systems have been formally verified: NICTA's Secure Embedded L4 microkernel, and Green Hills Software's Integrity (operating system).[4]

See also

References


Misspellings: verification
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Common misspelling(s) of verification

  • verfication

Translations: Verification
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Dansk (Danish)
n. - bekræftelse, efterprøvning, bevis, verifikation

Nederlands (Dutch)
bevestiging, staving, verificatie, natrekking

Français (French)
n. - vérification, contrôle, (Mil) vérification

Deutsch (German)
n. - Nachweis, Bestätigung, Überprüfung

Ελληνική (Greek)
n. - επαλήθευση, εξακρίβωση, επιβεβαίωση

Italiano (Italian)
prova, verifica

Português (Portuguese)
n. - verificação (f), confirmação (f)

Русский (Russian)
проверка, подтверждение, установление подлинности

Español (Spanish)
n. - confirmación, verificación, comprobación

Svenska (Swedish)
n. - bekräftelse, bevis, kontroll

中文(简体)(Chinese (Simplified))
确认, 作证, 查证

中文(繁體)(Chinese (Traditional))
n. - 確認, 作證, 查證

한국어 (Korean)
n. - 입증, 증언, 증명

日本語 (Japanese)
n. - 確認, 立証, 検証, 証明

العربيه (Arabic)
‏(الاسم) اثبات, تحقق, تحقيق‏

עברית (Hebrew)
n. - ‮אימות, וידוא, הוכחה, אישור‬


 
 

 

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